Phytochemical Screening of Secondary Metabolite Classes in the n-Hexane Fraction of Cleome viscosa L. and Its Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 35219

Abstract

Infectious diseases are one of the major challenges in human life because they can disrupt daily activities and even lead to death. Cleome viscosa L. is an erect, branched annual herb with yellow flowers and grooved stems. This plant thrives in humid and warm habitats and is commonly found as a weed in cleared areas prepared for rice planting, particularly along roadsides near rice fields. Traditionally, Cleome viscosa L. has been used as an antidiarrheal, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiseptic, and anti-leprosy agent. The aim of this study is to identify the secondary metabolite compounds present in the n-hexane fraction extract of the Cleome viscosa L. plant and to assess the antibacterial activity of this extract against Escherichia coli ATCC 35219. The secondary metabolites identified in the n-hexane extract of Cleome viscosa L. are alkaloids and steroids. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the n-hexane fraction showed positive results against Escherichia coli ATCC 35219, with an average inhibition zone diameter of 5.67 mm and 6.83 mm at concentrations of 750 ppm and 1000 ppm, indicating moderate antibacterial activity. At concentrations of 250 ppm and 500 ppm, the antibacterial activity was weak, with inhibition zone diameters of 3.50